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1. Generate X509 Public Key Certificate
2. Generate Public Private Key Certificate
3. Cert Public Key

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Certificate Services is one foundation for the Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) that provides the means for safeguarding and authenticating information. The relationship between a certificate holder, the certificate holder's identity, and the certificate holder's public key is a critical portion of PKI. This infrastructure is made up of the following parts:

The Public/Private Key Pair

PKI requires the use of public/private key pairs. The mathematics of public/private key pairs is beyond the scope of this documentation, but it is important to note the functional relationship between a public and a private key. PKI cryptographic algorithms use the public key of the receiver of an encrypted message to encrypt data, and the related private key and only the related private key to decrypt the encrypted message.

Similarly, a digital signature of the content, described in greater detail below, is created with the signer's private key. The corresponding public key, which is available to everyone, is used to verify this signature. The secrecy of the private key must be maintained because the framework falls apart after the private key is compromised.

Given enough time and resources, a public/private key pair can be compromised, that is, the private key can be discovered. The longer the key, the more difficult it is to use brute force to discover the private key. In practice, sufficiently strong keys can be used to make it unfeasible to determine the private key in a timely manner, making the Public Key Infrastructure a viable security mechanism.

A private key can be stored, in protected format, on a disk, in which case it can only be used with that specific computer unless it is physically moved to another computer. An alternative is to have a key on a smart card that can be used on a different computer provided it has a smart card reader and supporting software.

The public key, but not the private key, of the subject of a digital certificate is included as part of the certificate request. (Hence, a public/private key pair must exist before making the certificate request.) That public key becomes part of the issued certificate.

The Certificate Request

Before a certificate is issued, a certificate request must be generated. This request applies to one entity, for example, an end-user, a computer, or an application. For discussion, assume that the entity is yourself. Details of your identity are included in the certificate request. After the request is generated, it is submitted to a certification authority (CA). The CA then uses your identity information to determine whether the request meets the CA's criteria for issuing a certificate. If the CA approves the request, it issues a certificate to you, as the entity named in the request.

The Certification Authority

Before issuing your certificate, the CA verifies your identity. When the certificate is issued, your identity is bound to the certificate, which contains your public key. Your certificate also contains the CA's digital signature (which can be verified by anyone who receives your certificate).

Because your certificate contains the identity of the issuing CA, an interested party that trusts this CA can extend that trust to your certificate. The issuance of a certificate does not establish trust, but transfers trust. If the certificate consumer does not trust the issuing CA, it will not (or at least should not) trust your certificate.

A chain of signed certificates allows trust to be transferred to other CAs as well. This allows parties who use different CAs to still be able to trust certificates (provided there is a common CA in the chain, that is, a CA that is trusted by both parties).

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Generate X509 Public Key Certificate

The Certificate

In addition to your public key and the identity of the issuing CA, the issued certificate contains information about the purposes of your key and certificate. Furthermore, it includes the path to the CA's list of revoked certificates, and it specifies the certificate validity period (beginning and ending dates).

Generate Public Private Key Certificate

Assuming the certificate consumer trusts the issuing CA for your certificate, the certificate consumer must determine whether the certificate is still valid by comparing the certificate's beginning and ending dates with the current time and by checking that your certificate in not on the CA's list of revoked certificates.

The Certificate Revocation List

Cert Public Key

Assuming the certificate is being used in a valid time period and the certificate consumer trusts the issuing CA, there is one more item for the certificate consumer to check before using the certificate: the certificate revocation list (CRL). The certificate consumer checks the CA's CRL (the path to which is included as an extension in your certificate) to ensure your certificate is not on the list of certificates that have been revoked. CRLs exist because there are times when a certificate has not expired, but it can no longer be trusted. Periodically, the CA will publish an updated CRL. Certificate consumers are responsible for comparing certificates to the current CRL before considering the certificate trustworthy.

Your Public Key Used for Encryption

If a sender wants to encrypt a message before sending it to you, the sender first retrieves your certificate. After the sender determines that the CA is trusted and your certificate is valid and not revoked, the sender uses your public key (recall it is part of the certificate) with cryptographic algorithms to encrypt the plaintext message into ciphertext. When you receive the ciphertext, you use your private key to decrypt the ciphertext.

If a third party intercepts the ciphertext email message, the third party will not be able to decrypt it without access to your private key.

Note that the bulk of the activities listed here are handled by software, not directly by the user.

Your Public Key Used for Signature Verification

A digital signature is used as confirmation that a message has not been altered and as confirmation of the message sender's identity. This digital signature is dependent on your private key and the message contents. Using the message as input and your private key, cryptographic algorithms create the digital signature. The contents of the message are not changed by the signing process. A recipient can use your public key (after checking your certificate's validity, issuing CA, and revocation status) to determine whether the signature corresponds to the message contents and to determine whether the message was sent by you.

If a third party intercepts the intended message, alters it (even slightly), and forwards it and the original signature to the recipient, the recipient, upon examination of the message and signature, will be able to determine that the message is suspect. Similarly, if a third party creates a message and sends it with a bogus digital signature under the guise that it originated from you, the recipient will be able to use your public key to determine that the message and signature do not correspond to each other.

Nonrepudiation is also supported by digital signatures. If the sender of a signed message denies sending the message, the recipient can use the signature to refute that claim.

Note that the bulk of the activities listed here are also handled by software, not directly by the user.

Microsoft Certificate Services Role

Microsoft Certificate Services has the role of issuing certificates or denying requests for certificates, as directed by policy modules, which are responsible for ensuring the identity of the certificate requester. Certificate Services also provides the ability to revoke a certificate, as well as publish the CRL. Certificate Services can also centrally distribute (for example, to a directory service) issued certificates. The ability to issue, distribute, revoke, and manage certificates, along with the publication of CRLs, provides the necessary capabilities for public key infrastructure.

Important: This example is intended to provide general guidance to IT professionals who are experienced with SSL requirements and configuration. The procedure described in this article is just one of many available methods you can use to generate the required files. The process described here should be treated as an example and not as a recommendation.

When you configure Tableau Server to use Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) encryption, this helps ensure that access to the server is secure and that data sent between Tableau Server and Tableau Desktop is protected.

Looking for Tableau Server on Linux? See Example: SSL Certificate - Generate a Key and CSR.

Tableau Server uses Apache, which includes OpenSSL. You can use the OpenSSL toolkit to generate a key file and Certificate Signing Request (CSR) which can then be used to obtain a signed SSL certificate.

Steps to generate a key and CSR

To configure Tableau Server to use SSL, you must have an SSL certificate. To obtain the SSL certificate, complete the steps:

2. Generate a key file.
3. Create a Certificate Signing Request (CSR).
4. Send the CSR to a certificate authority (CA) to obtain an SSL certificate.
5. Use the key and certificate to configure Tableau Server to use SSL.

You can find additional information on the SSL FAQ page on the Apache Software Foundation website.

Configure a certificate for multiple domain names

Tableau Server allows SSL for multiple domains. To set up this environment, you need to modify the OpenSSL configuration file, openssl.conf, and configure a Subject Alternative Name (SAN) certificate on Tableau Server. See For SAN certificates: modify the OpenSSL configuration file below.

Set the OpenSSL configuration environment variable (optional)

To avoid using the -config argument with every use of openssl.exe, you can use the OPENSSL_CONF environment variable to ensure that the correct configuration file is used and all configuration changes made in subsequent procedures in this article produce expected results (for example, you must set the environment variable to add a SAN to your certificate).

Open the Command Prompt as an administrator, and run the following command:

set OPENSSL_CONF=c:Program FilesTableauTableau Serverpackagesapache.<version_code>confopenssl.cnf

Notes:

• When setting the Open SSL configuration environment variable, do not enclose the file path with quotation marks.

• If you are using a 32-bit version of Tableau Server on a 64-bit computer, run the set OPENSSL_CONF=c:Program Files (x86)TableauTableau Serverpackagesapache.<version_code>confopenssl.cnf command instead.

Generate a key

Generate a key file that you will use to generate a certificate signing request.

1. Open the Command Prompt as an administrator, and navigate to the Apache directory for Tableau Server. For example, run the following command:

   cd C:Program FilesTableauTableau Serverpackagesapache.<version_code>bin

2. Run the following command to create the key file:

   openssl.exe genrsa -out <yourcertname>.key 4096

   Note: This command uses a 4096-bit length for the key. You should choose a bit length that is at least 2048 bits because communication encrypted with a shorter bit length is less secure. If a value is not provided, 512 bits is used.

Create a certificate signing request to send to a certificate authority

Use the key file you created in the procedure above to generate the certificate signing request (CSR). You send the CSR to a certificate authority (CA) to obtain a signed certificate.

Important: If you want to configure a SAN certificate to use SSL for multiple domains, first complete the steps in For SAN certificates: modify the OpenSSL configuration file below, and then return to here to generate a CSR.

1. Run the following command to create a certificate signing request (CSR) file:

   openssl.exe req -new -key yourcertname.key -out yourcertname.csr

   If you did not set the OpenSSL configuration environment variable, OPENSSL_CONF, you might see either of the following messages:

   • An error message about the config information being unable to load. In this case, retype the command above with the following parameter: -config .confopenssl.cnf.

   • A warning that the /usr/local/ssl directory cannot be found. This directory does not exist on Windows, and you can simply ignore this message. The file is created successfully.

   To set an OpenSSL configuration environment variable, see Set the OpenSSL configuration environment variable (optional) section in this article.

2. When prompted, enter the required information.

   Note: For Common Name, type the Tableau Server name. The Tableau Server name is the URL that will be used to reach the Tableau Server. For example, if you reach Tableau Server by typing tableau.example.com in the address bar of your browser, then tableau.example.com is the common name. If the common name does not resolve to the server name, errors will occur when a browser or Tableau Desktop tries to connect to Tableau Server.

Send the CSR to a certificate authority to obtain an SSL certificate

Send the CSR to a commercial certificate authority (CA) to request the digital certificate. For information, see the Wikipedia article Certificate authority and any related articles that help you decide which CA to use.

Use the key and certificate to configure Tableau Server

When you have both the key and the certificate from the CA, you can configure Tableau Server to use SSL. For the steps, see Configure External SSL.

For SAN certificates: modify the OpenSSL configuration file

In a standard installation of OpenSSL, some features are not enabled by default. To use SSL with multiple domain names, before you generate the CSR, complete these steps to modify the openssl.cnf file.

1. Open Windows Explorer and browse to the Apache conf folder for Tableau Server.

   For example: C:Program FilesTableauTableau Server<version_code>apacheconf

2. Open openssl.cnf in a text editor, and find the following line: req_extensions = v3_req

   This line might be commented out with a hash sign (#) at the beginning of the line.

   If the line is commented out, uncomment it by removing the # and space characters from the beginning of the line.

3. Move to the [ v3_req ] section of the file. The first few lines contain the following text:

   # Extensions to add to a certificate request
basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
keyUsage = nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment

   After the keyUsage line, insert the following line:

   subjectAltName = @alt_names

   If you’re creating a self-signed SAN certificate, do the following to give the certificate permission to sign the certificate:

   1. Add the cRLSign and keyCertSign to the keyUsage line so it looks like the following: keyUsage = nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment, cRLSign, keyCertSign

   2. After the keyUsage line, add the following line: subjectAltName = @alt_names

4. In the [alt_names] section, provide the domain names you want to use with SSL.

   DNS.1 = [domain1]
DNS.2 = [domain2]
DNS.3 = [etc]

   The following image shows the results highlighted, with placeholder text that you would replace with your domain names.

5. Save and close the file.

6. Complete the steps in Create a certificate signing request to send to a certificate authority section, above.

Additional information

If you prefer to use a different version of OpenSSL, you can download it from Open SSL for Windows.

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